HTML Validation: Using Character Encodings How to validate HTML documents in various character encodings. http://www.htmlhelp.com/tools/validator/charset.html

HTML Document Representation Chapter covering document character sets and encodings in HTML from the World Wide Web Consortium's HTML 4.0 Specification. http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/charset.html

World Wide Web Consortium Covers code tables, Unicode, HTML and XML and links to other resources and discusses internationalization and localization issues relating to character sets. http://www.w3.org/International/O-charset.html

EKI Letter Database Query character sets, encoding, codepages and Unicode information in an easy-to-use web form. Held at the Institute of the Estonian Language. http://www.eki.ee/letter/

Character Set Issues beyond HTML3.2 Internationalization issues beyond HTML3.2 and ISO-8859-1. Includes information on Baltic encodings. http://ppewww.ph.gla.ac.uk/~flavell/charset/

Dan's Web Tips: Characters and Fonts Hints and tips about character sets and fonts in web development. Includes links to related resources. http://www.dantobias.com/webtips/char.html

Xceed Binary Encoding Library A library for Windows developers that allows applications to encode binary data and files into text and vice-versa. http://www.xceedsoft.com/products/binEncod/

Tutorial: Shady Characters A tutorial that explains HTML character sets, character encodings and character references from Webreference.com. http://webreference.com/html/tutorial17/

Characters and Encodings A tutorial on character code issues in digital processing and transfer of text data, on the Internet or otherwise. Includes tables and a detailed listing of control codes. In English and Finnish. http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/chars/

An Early History of Character Set Standardization Covers the beginnings of the ASCII standards from ASCII-1963 onwards and information on Cyrillic, Japanese, Korean, Thai and Vietnamese encoding systems, including various localized versions of EBCDIC. With tables and links to other resources. http://www.cwi.nl/~dik/english/codes/stand.html

ISO 639 Language Names The standard names for use in SGML and XML, including a complete list of language name codes. http://xml.coverpages.org/iso639a.html

MS Windows characters in HTML A review of the HTML authoring problems caused by some special characters which belong to MS Windows character set but not to ISO Latin 1. Includes technical details and substitution tables. In English and Finnish. http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/www/windows-chars.html

A Brief History of Character Codes A concise history of the development of character encoding in Western and East Asian languages, including ASCII, EBCDIC, Unicode and TRON. http://tronweb.super-nova.co.jp/characcodehist.html

LangBox International Codetables for ISO 8859-6, ASMO 449 plus, ASMO 708 (Arabic) and ISO 8859-8 (Hebrew) and further information about the company's work in multilingual UNIX. http://www.langbox.com/

IANA: Character Sets The official names for character sets that may be used in the Internet and referred to in Internet documentation - held at the Internet Assigned Number Authority. http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets

Basis Technology: Presentations and Papers A wide range of articles on Unicode, East Asian localization and Internationalization issues. http://www.basistech.com/news/presentations/index.html

ASCII and EBCDIC Compared A comparison of two of these two basic encoding systems, with tables. http://www.dynamoo.com/technical/ascii-ebcdic.htm

eGrannie: ASCII-EBCDIC chart A side-by-side comparision of ASCII and EBCDIC encoding. http://www.egrannie.com/cheatsheets/asciiebcdic.html

Chilkat Charset Conversion Component A character set conversion component for Unicode, Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Cyrillic, Arabic, Hebrew, Thai, Vietnamese and all Western languages. http://www.chilkatsoft.com/ChilkatCharset.asp

ECMA: Character Code Structure and Extension Techniques Specifies the structure of ECMA-35, for 8-bit codes and 7-bit codes which provide for the coding of character sets, with a detailed PDF document. http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/ECMA-035.HTM