BEC (Bose-Einstein Condensation) Homepage "A new form of matter at the coldest temperatures in the universe." Simplified, surprisingly clear explanation. Includes cartoon illustrations. http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/bec/index.html

What is absolute zero? An answer from the Lansing State Journal in Michigan, January 29, 1992. http://www.pa.msu.edu/~sciencet/ask_st/012992.html

Steven Chu, former Bell Labs researcher, wins 1997 Nobel in physics Using lasers to trap and cool molecules for study. Nobel Prize for Chu, Phillips, and Cohen-Tannoudji. http://www.bell-labs.com/user/feature/archives/chu/

NIST - Atomic Physics Division - Laser Cooling and Trapping Group This department of the National Institute of Standards and Technology studies the physics of laser cooling, electromagnetic trapping, and other radiative manipulation of neutral atoms and dielectric particles. Home of 1997 Nobel Prize winner William D. Phillips, whose team has cooled atoms to less than a millionth of a degree above absolute zero. http://physics.nist.gov/Divisions/Div842/Gp4/group4.html

BEC: Bose Einstein Condensation of Sodium A summary of the NIST project. http://physics.nist.gov/Divisions/Div842/Gp4/bose.html

Computer Simulation of laser cooling and trapping Download page for free copies of several "Cool Simulations." http://webphysics.davidson.edu/alumni/jocowan/Cooldown.htm

Research groups involved in atom trapping and cooling A detailed links list of about 50 research groups around the world, with an immense list of subject links, as well. From the Laser Physics Group at Umeå University, Sweden. http://www.phys.umu.se/laser/links11.htm

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997 This includes the press release of the Nobel Committee for the prize given to Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, and William D. Phillips, for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light. For those wanting more scientific details, be sure to click the link for "Additional background material" under "Further Reading." http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1997/index.html

Cornell and Wieman Share 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics Press releases from the National Institute of Standards and Technology and explanations of the work on Bose-Einstein condensates which won the Nobel Prize. http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/n01-04.htm

Below Absolute Zero -- What Does Negative Temperature Mean? Can you really make a system which has a temperature below absolute zero? From the Usenet Physics FAQ. http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/ParticleAndNuclear/neg_temperature.html

USC Physics & Astronomy: Physics 151 Lab Manual Click on: "Experiment X: Ideal Gas Law and the Absolute Zero of Temperature." Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader. The experiment uses liquid nitrogen. http://physics.usc.edu/Undergraduate/Labs/151/manual/

Linear Research Inc. AC resistance bridges and temperature controllers. In San Diego, CA. http://www.linearresearch.com/